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+/* glpscl.c (problem scaling routines) */
+
+/***********************************************************************
+* This code is part of GLPK (GNU Linear Programming Kit).
+*
+* Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008,
+* 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013 Andrew Makhorin, Department for Applied
+* Informatics, Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow, Russia. All rights
+* reserved. E-mail: <mao@gnu.org>.
+*
+* GLPK is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+* under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+* (at your option) any later version.
+*
+* GLPK is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+* or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public
+* License for more details.
+*
+* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+* along with GLPK. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***********************************************************************/
+
+#include "env.h"
+#include "misc.h"
+#include "prob.h"
+
+/***********************************************************************
+* min_row_aij - determine minimal |a[i,j]| in i-th row
+*
+* This routine returns minimal magnitude of (non-zero) constraint
+* coefficients in i-th row of the constraint matrix.
+*
+* If the parameter scaled is zero, the original constraint matrix A is
+* assumed. Otherwise, the scaled constraint matrix R*A*S is assumed.
+*
+* If i-th row of the matrix is empty, the routine returns 1. */
+
+static double min_row_aij(glp_prob *lp, int i, int scaled)
+{ GLPAIJ *aij;
+ double min_aij, temp;
+ xassert(1 <= i && i <= lp->m);
+ min_aij = 1.0;
+ for (aij = lp->row[i]->ptr; aij != NULL; aij = aij->r_next)
+ { temp = fabs(aij->val);
+ if (scaled) temp *= (aij->row->rii * aij->col->sjj);
+ if (aij->r_prev == NULL || min_aij > temp)
+ min_aij = temp;
+ }
+ return min_aij;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+* max_row_aij - determine maximal |a[i,j]| in i-th row
+*
+* This routine returns maximal magnitude of (non-zero) constraint
+* coefficients in i-th row of the constraint matrix.
+*
+* If the parameter scaled is zero, the original constraint matrix A is
+* assumed. Otherwise, the scaled constraint matrix R*A*S is assumed.
+*
+* If i-th row of the matrix is empty, the routine returns 1. */
+
+static double max_row_aij(glp_prob *lp, int i, int scaled)
+{ GLPAIJ *aij;
+ double max_aij, temp;
+ xassert(1 <= i && i <= lp->m);
+ max_aij = 1.0;
+ for (aij = lp->row[i]->ptr; aij != NULL; aij = aij->r_next)
+ { temp = fabs(aij->val);
+ if (scaled) temp *= (aij->row->rii * aij->col->sjj);
+ if (aij->r_prev == NULL || max_aij < temp)
+ max_aij = temp;
+ }
+ return max_aij;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+* min_col_aij - determine minimal |a[i,j]| in j-th column
+*
+* This routine returns minimal magnitude of (non-zero) constraint
+* coefficients in j-th column of the constraint matrix.
+*
+* If the parameter scaled is zero, the original constraint matrix A is
+* assumed. Otherwise, the scaled constraint matrix R*A*S is assumed.
+*
+* If j-th column of the matrix is empty, the routine returns 1. */
+
+static double min_col_aij(glp_prob *lp, int j, int scaled)
+{ GLPAIJ *aij;
+ double min_aij, temp;
+ xassert(1 <= j && j <= lp->n);
+ min_aij = 1.0;
+ for (aij = lp->col[j]->ptr; aij != NULL; aij = aij->c_next)
+ { temp = fabs(aij->val);
+ if (scaled) temp *= (aij->row->rii * aij->col->sjj);
+ if (aij->c_prev == NULL || min_aij > temp)
+ min_aij = temp;
+ }
+ return min_aij;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+* max_col_aij - determine maximal |a[i,j]| in j-th column
+*
+* This routine returns maximal magnitude of (non-zero) constraint
+* coefficients in j-th column of the constraint matrix.
+*
+* If the parameter scaled is zero, the original constraint matrix A is
+* assumed. Otherwise, the scaled constraint matrix R*A*S is assumed.
+*
+* If j-th column of the matrix is empty, the routine returns 1. */
+
+static double max_col_aij(glp_prob *lp, int j, int scaled)
+{ GLPAIJ *aij;
+ double max_aij, temp;
+ xassert(1 <= j && j <= lp->n);
+ max_aij = 1.0;
+ for (aij = lp->col[j]->ptr; aij != NULL; aij = aij->c_next)
+ { temp = fabs(aij->val);
+ if (scaled) temp *= (aij->row->rii * aij->col->sjj);
+ if (aij->c_prev == NULL || max_aij < temp)
+ max_aij = temp;
+ }
+ return max_aij;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+* min_mat_aij - determine minimal |a[i,j]| in constraint matrix
+*
+* This routine returns minimal magnitude of (non-zero) constraint
+* coefficients in the constraint matrix.
+*
+* If the parameter scaled is zero, the original constraint matrix A is
+* assumed. Otherwise, the scaled constraint matrix R*A*S is assumed.
+*
+* If the matrix is empty, the routine returns 1. */
+
+static double min_mat_aij(glp_prob *lp, int scaled)
+{ int i;
+ double min_aij, temp;
+ min_aij = 1.0;
+ for (i = 1; i <= lp->m; i++)
+ { temp = min_row_aij(lp, i, scaled);
+ if (i == 1 || min_aij > temp)
+ min_aij = temp;
+ }
+ return min_aij;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+* max_mat_aij - determine maximal |a[i,j]| in constraint matrix
+*
+* This routine returns maximal magnitude of (non-zero) constraint
+* coefficients in the constraint matrix.
+*
+* If the parameter scaled is zero, the original constraint matrix A is
+* assumed. Otherwise, the scaled constraint matrix R*A*S is assumed.
+*
+* If the matrix is empty, the routine returns 1. */
+
+static double max_mat_aij(glp_prob *lp, int scaled)
+{ int i;
+ double max_aij, temp;
+ max_aij = 1.0;
+ for (i = 1; i <= lp->m; i++)
+ { temp = max_row_aij(lp, i, scaled);
+ if (i == 1 || max_aij < temp)
+ max_aij = temp;
+ }
+ return max_aij;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+* eq_scaling - perform equilibration scaling
+*
+* This routine performs equilibration scaling of rows and columns of
+* the constraint matrix.
+*
+* If the parameter flag is zero, the routine scales rows at first and
+* then columns. Otherwise, the routine scales columns and then rows.
+*
+* Rows are scaled as follows:
+*
+* n
+* a'[i,j] = a[i,j] / max |a[i,j]|, i = 1,...,m.
+* j=1
+*
+* This makes the infinity (maximum) norm of each row of the matrix
+* equal to 1.
+*
+* Columns are scaled as follows:
+*
+* m
+* a'[i,j] = a[i,j] / max |a[i,j]|, j = 1,...,n.
+* i=1
+*
+* This makes the infinity (maximum) norm of each column of the matrix
+* equal to 1. */
+
+static void eq_scaling(glp_prob *lp, int flag)
+{ int i, j, pass;
+ double temp;
+ xassert(flag == 0 || flag == 1);
+ for (pass = 0; pass <= 1; pass++)
+ { if (pass == flag)
+ { /* scale rows */
+ for (i = 1; i <= lp->m; i++)
+ { temp = max_row_aij(lp, i, 1);
+ glp_set_rii(lp, i, glp_get_rii(lp, i) / temp);
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ { /* scale columns */
+ for (j = 1; j <= lp->n; j++)
+ { temp = max_col_aij(lp, j, 1);
+ glp_set_sjj(lp, j, glp_get_sjj(lp, j) / temp);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ return;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+* gm_scaling - perform geometric mean scaling
+*
+* This routine performs geometric mean scaling of rows and columns of
+* the constraint matrix.
+*
+* If the parameter flag is zero, the routine scales rows at first and
+* then columns. Otherwise, the routine scales columns and then rows.
+*
+* Rows are scaled as follows:
+*
+* a'[i,j] = a[i,j] / sqrt(alfa[i] * beta[i]), i = 1,...,m,
+*
+* where:
+* n n
+* alfa[i] = min |a[i,j]|, beta[i] = max |a[i,j]|.
+* j=1 j=1
+*
+* This allows decreasing the ratio beta[i] / alfa[i] for each row of
+* the matrix.
+*
+* Columns are scaled as follows:
+*
+* a'[i,j] = a[i,j] / sqrt(alfa[j] * beta[j]), j = 1,...,n,
+*
+* where:
+* m m
+* alfa[j] = min |a[i,j]|, beta[j] = max |a[i,j]|.
+* i=1 i=1
+*
+* This allows decreasing the ratio beta[j] / alfa[j] for each column
+* of the matrix. */
+
+static void gm_scaling(glp_prob *lp, int flag)
+{ int i, j, pass;
+ double temp;
+ xassert(flag == 0 || flag == 1);
+ for (pass = 0; pass <= 1; pass++)
+ { if (pass == flag)
+ { /* scale rows */
+ for (i = 1; i <= lp->m; i++)
+ { temp = min_row_aij(lp, i, 1) * max_row_aij(lp, i, 1);
+ glp_set_rii(lp, i, glp_get_rii(lp, i) / sqrt(temp));
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ { /* scale columns */
+ for (j = 1; j <= lp->n; j++)
+ { temp = min_col_aij(lp, j, 1) * max_col_aij(lp, j, 1);
+ glp_set_sjj(lp, j, glp_get_sjj(lp, j) / sqrt(temp));
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ return;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+* max_row_ratio - determine worst scaling "quality" for rows
+*
+* This routine returns the worst scaling "quality" for rows of the
+* currently scaled constraint matrix:
+*
+* m
+* ratio = max ratio[i],
+* i=1
+* where:
+* n n
+* ratio[i] = max |a[i,j]| / min |a[i,j]|, 1 <= i <= m,
+* j=1 j=1
+*
+* is the scaling "quality" of i-th row. */
+
+static double max_row_ratio(glp_prob *lp)
+{ int i;
+ double ratio, temp;
+ ratio = 1.0;
+ for (i = 1; i <= lp->m; i++)
+ { temp = max_row_aij(lp, i, 1) / min_row_aij(lp, i, 1);
+ if (i == 1 || ratio < temp) ratio = temp;
+ }
+ return ratio;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+* max_col_ratio - determine worst scaling "quality" for columns
+*
+* This routine returns the worst scaling "quality" for columns of the
+* currently scaled constraint matrix:
+*
+* n
+* ratio = max ratio[j],
+* j=1
+* where:
+* m m
+* ratio[j] = max |a[i,j]| / min |a[i,j]|, 1 <= j <= n,
+* i=1 i=1
+*
+* is the scaling "quality" of j-th column. */
+
+static double max_col_ratio(glp_prob *lp)
+{ int j;
+ double ratio, temp;
+ ratio = 1.0;
+ for (j = 1; j <= lp->n; j++)
+ { temp = max_col_aij(lp, j, 1) / min_col_aij(lp, j, 1);
+ if (j == 1 || ratio < temp) ratio = temp;
+ }
+ return ratio;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+* gm_iterate - perform iterative geometric mean scaling
+*
+* This routine performs iterative geometric mean scaling of rows and
+* columns of the constraint matrix.
+*
+* The parameter it_max specifies the maximal number of iterations.
+* Recommended value of it_max is 15.
+*
+* The parameter tau specifies a minimal improvement of the scaling
+* "quality" on each iteration, 0 < tau < 1. It means than the scaling
+* process continues while the following condition is satisfied:
+*
+* ratio[k] <= tau * ratio[k-1],
+*
+* where ratio = max |a[i,j]| / min |a[i,j]| is the scaling "quality"
+* to be minimized, k is the iteration number. Recommended value of tau
+* is 0.90. */
+
+static void gm_iterate(glp_prob *lp, int it_max, double tau)
+{ int k, flag;
+ double ratio = 0.0, r_old;
+ /* if the scaling "quality" for rows is better than for columns,
+ the rows are scaled first; otherwise, the columns are scaled
+ first */
+ flag = (max_row_ratio(lp) > max_col_ratio(lp));
+ for (k = 1; k <= it_max; k++)
+ { /* save the scaling "quality" from previous iteration */
+ r_old = ratio;
+ /* determine the current scaling "quality" */
+ ratio = max_mat_aij(lp, 1) / min_mat_aij(lp, 1);
+#if 0
+ xprintf("k = %d; ratio = %g\n", k, ratio);
+#endif
+ /* if improvement is not enough, terminate scaling */
+ if (k > 1 && ratio > tau * r_old) break;
+ /* otherwise, perform another iteration */
+ gm_scaling(lp, flag);
+ }
+ return;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+* NAME
+*
+* scale_prob - scale problem data
+*
+* SYNOPSIS
+*
+* #include "glpscl.h"
+* void scale_prob(glp_prob *lp, int flags);
+*
+* DESCRIPTION
+*
+* The routine scale_prob performs automatic scaling of problem data
+* for the specified problem object. */
+
+static void scale_prob(glp_prob *lp, int flags)
+{ static const char *fmt =
+ "%s: min|aij| = %10.3e max|aij| = %10.3e ratio = %10.3e\n";
+ double min_aij, max_aij, ratio;
+ xprintf("Scaling...\n");
+ /* cancel the current scaling effect */
+ glp_unscale_prob(lp);
+ /* report original scaling "quality" */
+ min_aij = min_mat_aij(lp, 1);
+ max_aij = max_mat_aij(lp, 1);
+ ratio = max_aij / min_aij;
+ xprintf(fmt, " A", min_aij, max_aij, ratio);
+ /* check if the problem is well scaled */
+ if (min_aij >= 0.10 && max_aij <= 10.0)
+ { xprintf("Problem data seem to be well scaled\n");
+ /* skip scaling, if required */
+ if (flags & GLP_SF_SKIP) goto done;
+ }
+ /* perform iterative geometric mean scaling, if required */
+ if (flags & GLP_SF_GM)
+ { gm_iterate(lp, 15, 0.90);
+ min_aij = min_mat_aij(lp, 1);
+ max_aij = max_mat_aij(lp, 1);
+ ratio = max_aij / min_aij;
+ xprintf(fmt, "GM", min_aij, max_aij, ratio);
+ }
+ /* perform equilibration scaling, if required */
+ if (flags & GLP_SF_EQ)
+ { eq_scaling(lp, max_row_ratio(lp) > max_col_ratio(lp));
+ min_aij = min_mat_aij(lp, 1);
+ max_aij = max_mat_aij(lp, 1);
+ ratio = max_aij / min_aij;
+ xprintf(fmt, "EQ", min_aij, max_aij, ratio);
+ }
+ /* round scale factors to nearest power of two, if required */
+ if (flags & GLP_SF_2N)
+ { int i, j;
+ for (i = 1; i <= lp->m; i++)
+ glp_set_rii(lp, i, round2n(glp_get_rii(lp, i)));
+ for (j = 1; j <= lp->n; j++)
+ glp_set_sjj(lp, j, round2n(glp_get_sjj(lp, j)));
+ min_aij = min_mat_aij(lp, 1);
+ max_aij = max_mat_aij(lp, 1);
+ ratio = max_aij / min_aij;
+ xprintf(fmt, "2N", min_aij, max_aij, ratio);
+ }
+done: return;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+* NAME
+*
+* glp_scale_prob - scale problem data
+*
+* SYNOPSIS
+*
+* void glp_scale_prob(glp_prob *lp, int flags);
+*
+* DESCRIPTION
+*
+* The routine glp_scale_prob performs automatic scaling of problem
+* data for the specified problem object.
+*
+* The parameter flags specifies scaling options used by the routine.
+* Options can be combined with the bitwise OR operator and may be the
+* following:
+*
+* GLP_SF_GM perform geometric mean scaling;
+* GLP_SF_EQ perform equilibration scaling;
+* GLP_SF_2N round scale factors to nearest power of two;
+* GLP_SF_SKIP skip scaling, if the problem is well scaled.
+*
+* The parameter flags may be specified as GLP_SF_AUTO, in which case
+* the routine chooses scaling options automatically. */
+
+void glp_scale_prob(glp_prob *lp, int flags)
+{ if (flags & ~(GLP_SF_GM | GLP_SF_EQ | GLP_SF_2N | GLP_SF_SKIP |
+ GLP_SF_AUTO))
+ xerror("glp_scale_prob: flags = 0x%02X; invalid scaling option"
+ "s\n", flags);
+ if (flags & GLP_SF_AUTO)
+ flags = (GLP_SF_GM | GLP_SF_EQ | GLP_SF_SKIP);
+ scale_prob(lp, flags);
+ return;
+}
+
+/* eof */